LL-37, Kisspeptin-10, ARA-290 and PEG-MGF as Precursor-Derived Research Peptides: A Research Review of the Cathelicidin Fragment, the KISS1 Decapeptide, the Erythropoietin Helix-B Peptide, the IGF-1 Ec E-Domain and the Catalogue Vocabulary Behind "ll-37 peptide for sale", "buy kisspeptin" and "peg mgf 2 mg" Labels

A citation-backed research review of four precursor-derived peptides — LL-37 (cathelicidin), kisspeptin-10 (KISS1), ARA-290 (EPO helix B) and PEG-MGF (IGF-1 Ec E-domain) — with UniProt identifiers, receptor mechanisms and an RUO crosswalk of the catalogue vocabulary behind "ll-37 peptide for sale", "buy kisspeptin" and "peg mgf 2 mg".

Peptide Insider Research Desk · Published 2026-09-21 · Compound review; companion to the kisspeptin-10 query-orthography review and the catalogue-formats and sourcing-query review

Four research peptides that rarely appear together in the literature share one structural logic: each is a defined fragment, or an engineered derivative of a fragment, of a larger endogenous human protein. LL-37 is the C-terminal 37 residues of the cathelicidin precursor hCAP18 [1, 2]; kisspeptin-10 is the C-terminal decapeptide of the KISS1 gene product [7, 8]; ARA-290 is an eleven-residue peptide copied from the aqueous face of erythropoietin helix B [14]; and mechano growth factor (MGF) is the 24-residue E-domain encoded by the alternatively spliced IGF-1 Ec transcript, supplied to research catalogues in a PEGylated form [16, 20, 21]. Catalogue search logs render these compounds almost entirely as commercial-intent strings — ll-37 peptide for sale, ll37 peptide buy, buy ll-37, buy kisspeptin, kisspeptin-10 for sale, kisspeptin buy, ara peptides, ara 290 peptide for sale, peptides mgf, buy mgf, peg-mgf for sale, peg mgf 2 mg — while the definitional query what is ara-290 peptide is the only frequent question-form string among them. This review anchors each label to its precursor protein, database identifier, receptor and primary literature, then records the catalogue vocabulary in an explicit research-use-only crosswalk.

Definition. A precursor-derived research peptide is a synthetic peptide whose sequence is taken from a contiguous segment (or a surface-loop mimic) of an endogenous human protein, such that the parent protein's UniProt accession and the segment's residue numbering fully specify the compound. LL-37 (CAMP, UniProt P49913, residues 134–170), kisspeptin-10 (KISS1, Q15726, residues 112–121 of the 145-residue precursor), ARA-290 (mimicking EPO, P01588, helix B residues 58–82 surface) and MGF E-peptide (IGF1, P05019, Ec-specific exon 5 reading frame) all satisfy this definition [1, 7, 14, 20].

Why Precursor Identity Matters for These Four Labels

The precursor protein determines what a research peptide can and cannot be expected to do in a model system. Every label reviewed here is a fragment of a protein whose biology is already mapped, so the parent protein, not the catalogue name, is the correct starting point for literature retrieval.

Catalogue names hide this relationship. "LL-37" encodes only the first two residues and the length; "kisspeptin-10" encodes a length but not the gene; "ARA-290" is a company code; "PEG-MGF" names a conjugation chemistry and a functional nickname. Resolving each to a UniProt accession and residue range makes the compound vendor-independent, searchable in sequence databases, and comparable across the certificate-of-analysis conventions reviewed previously. The same logic was applied to the somatotropic-axis fragments in the GHRP-6 / HGH fragment 176-191 / IGF-1 LR3 review, where residue numbering rather than trade names disambiguated the catalogue entries.

LL-37: The Human Cathelicidin Fragment (CAMP, UniProt P49913)

LL-37 is the 37-residue, amphipathic α-helical antimicrobial peptide released from the C-terminus of human cathelicidin hCAP18 by extracellular proteinase 3 cleavage; it is the only cathelicidin encoded in the human genome [1, 2].

The precursor hCAP18 is stored in neutrophil specific granules and expressed by epithelia; Sørensen et al. demonstrated in 2001 that proteinase 3, released on neutrophil exocytosis, cleaves hCAP18 to liberate LL-37 extracellularly [2]. Dürr, Sudheendra and Ramamoorthy's structural review documents the peptide's cationic charge (+6), its helical fold in membrane-mimetic environments and its salt- and serum-sensitive membrane activity [1]. Vandamme et al. catalogue the peptide's "factotum" range of reported activities in cell and animal models — direct microbial membrane disruption, lipopolysaccharide binding, chemotaxis via FPR2 and other receptors, and modulation of cytokine release — and note that many of these observations depend heavily on assay conditions [3]. Overhage et al. showed that sub-inhibitory LL-37 concentrations reduced Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation in vitro through effects on attachment, twitching motility and quorum-sensing gene expression [4]. Kai-Larsen and Agerberth review its host-defence context and the regulation of its expression by vitamin D response elements [5]. For research handling, LL-37 shares the oxidation liabilities discussed in the BPC-157 stability and handling review: it contains no Cys but carries oxidation-prone Met and multiple Lys/Arg residues that bind acidic surfaces [22].

Kisspeptin-10: The KISS1 C-Terminal Decapeptide (UniProt Q15726)

Kisspeptin-10 is the C-terminal, amidated decapeptide (metastin 45–54) of the KISS1 gene product and the minimal sequence retaining full agonist activity at the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR54 (KISS1R) [7, 8].

The gene was cloned in 1996 by Lee et al. as a melanoma metastasis-suppressor, hence the "metastin" nomenclature [6]. In 2001 two groups independently identified the KISS1-derived peptides as the natural ligands of orphan receptor GPR54: Kotani et al. characterised kisspeptin-54, -14, -13 and -10 and showed Gq-coupled calcium mobilisation and arachidonic-acid release in GPR54-transfected CHO cells [7], and Ohtaki et al. showed metastin suppressed pulmonary metastasis of GPR54-expressing melanoma cells in mice [8]. The reproductive-axis role emerged in 2003, when Seminara et al. linked loss-of-function GPR54 mutations to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in humans and confirmed the phenotype in Gpr54-null mice [9]. Messager et al. then showed in mouse hypothalamic explants and in vivo that kisspeptin acts directly on GnRH neurones to trigger GnRH release, positioning kisspeptin upstream of the entire gonadotropin cascade [10]. Dhillo et al. reported in a physiological study that kisspeptin-54 infusion raised LH, FSH and testosterone in healthy men — cited here only as evidence of the axis's responsiveness to the ligand, not as any form of use guidance [11]. The orthographic variants of the label, including "kisspeptin-10 peptide", were normalised in the query-orthography companion review. The broader plural queries kisspeptin peptides and peptide kisspeptin refer to the whole family (KP-54, -14, -13, -10), which share the identical C-terminal RF-amide decapeptide [7].

ARA-290 (Cibinetide): The Erythropoietin Helix-B Surface Peptide (EPO, UniProt P01588)

ARA-290 is an eleven-amino-acid linear peptide whose sequence reproduces the aqueous-facing residues of erythropoietin's helix B; it engages the tissue-protective EPO-receptor/β-common-receptor heteroreceptor without stimulating erythropoiesis [12, 14].

The mechanistic lineage runs through three papers from the Brines–Cerami group. In 2004, Brines et al. showed that erythropoietin's tissue-protective effects in neuronal and cardiac injury models required the β-common receptor subunit (CD131) shared with IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF, defining a heteroreceptor distinct from the homodimeric EPOR that drives red-cell production [12]. Leist et al. showed the same year that carbamylated erythropoietin retained neuroprotection in rodent stroke, spinal-cord and neuropathy models while losing all erythropoietic activity, proving the two functions are separable [13]. Brines et al. then reasoned from the EPO tertiary structure that the helix-B face, which does not contact the classical EPOR dimer interface, mediates the heteroreceptor interaction, and synthesised the helix-B surface peptide (pHBSP, later ARA-290) that reproduced tissue protection in rat and mouse models of ischaemia and inflammation with a plasma half-life of minutes [14]. Swartjes et al. reported in rats that a short course of ARA-290 produced relief of neuropathic-pain behaviours persisting for weeks, an effect absent in β-common-receptor knockout mice [15]. The definitional queries what is ara-290 peptide and what is ara 290 peptide therefore resolve to this molecule; the truncated plural ara peptides is treated as an ambiguous family token in the crosswalk below. Readers interested in other mitochondria- and stress-axis peptides may compare the SS-31 (elamipretide) review and the humanin review.

PEG-MGF: The IGF-1 Ec Splice-Variant E-Domain Peptide (IGF1, UniProt P05019)

Mechano growth factor (MGF) is the C-terminal E-domain peptide encoded by the exon-5-containing IGF-1 Ec splice variant that is up-regulated in mechanically loaded or damaged rodent and human muscle; "PEG-MGF" denotes the 24-residue synthetic E-peptide conjugated to polyethylene glycol to extend its otherwise short residence time [16, 20, 21].

Yang, Alnaqeeb, Simpson and Goldspink cloned the stretch-responsive IGF-1 isoform from rabbit muscle in 1996, noting a 52-base insert in exon 5 that shifts the reading frame and produces a distinct E-domain [16]. Yang and Goldspink subsequently showed in C2C12 myoblasts that the synthetic E-domain peptide increased proliferation while mature IGF-1 drove differentiation, suggesting the two products of the same gene act at different stages of the myogenic programme [17]. Hill and Goldspink linked IGF-1 Ec expression in rodent muscle to satellite-cell activation after local damage [18], and Dluzniewska et al. reported that the autonomous C-terminal MGF peptide was neuroprotective in a gerbil model of transient brain ischaemia, extending the observations beyond muscle [19]. Matheny, Nindl and Adamo's Endocrinology minireview is the essential counterweight: it documents that the E-peptide's independent receptor has never been identified, that several groups have failed to reproduce receptor-independent actions, and that "MGF" remains a putative rather than established signalling entity [20]. PEGylation itself is a generic pharmaceutical modification whose effects on hydrodynamic radius, renal clearance and proteolytic shielding are reviewed by Harris and Chess [21]; the catalogue string peg mgf 2 mg denotes a nominal lyophilised fill mass in the format discussed in the catalogue-formats review. MGF is not IGF-1 LR3; the latter is a full-length mature IGF-1 analogue with an N-terminal extension, reviewed in the IGF-1 LR3 compound review.

Catalogue-Vocabulary Crosswalk: Query String → Compound → Identifier → RUO Scope Status

The table records each recurring search string verbatim, classifies its intent, and resolves it to a compound and persistent identifier. Commercial-intent strings are recorded as vocabulary only; this review does not assess or endorse any vendor and records no pricing.

Query string (verbatim)	Intent class	Resolved compound	Persistent identifier	RUO scope status
ll-37 peptide for sale	Commercial (for-sale form)	LL-37 (hCAP18 134–170)	UniProt P49913	Recorded-as-commercial-vocabulary; resolves to research-availability listing only
ll37 peptide for sale	Commercial; hyphen dropped	LL-37	UniProt P49913	Recorded-as-orthographic-commercial-variant
ll 37 peptide for sale	Commercial; whitespace re-tokenised	LL-37	UniProt P49913	Recorded-as-orthographic-commercial-variant
ll-37 for sale	Commercial; compound-only	LL-37	UniProt P49913	Recorded-as-commercial-vocabulary
ll37 peptide buy	Commercial (buy form)	LL-37	UniProt P49913	Recorded-as-commercial-vocabulary
ll 37 peptide buy	Commercial; whitespace variant	LL-37	UniProt P49913	Recorded-as-orthographic-commercial-variant
buy ll-37	Commercial; verb-first	LL-37	UniProt P49913	Recorded-as-commercial-vocabulary
buy kisspeptin	Commercial; family token	Kisspeptin family (KP-54/-14/-13/-10)	UniProt Q15726	Recorded-as-commercial-vocabulary; ambiguous isoform
kisspeptin buy	Commercial; noun-first	Kisspeptin family	UniProt Q15726	Recorded-as-commercial-vocabulary
kisspeptin peptide buy	Commercial; redundant class noun	Kisspeptin family	UniProt Q15726	Recorded-as-commercial-vocabulary
kisspeptin-10 for sale	Commercial; isoform-specific	Kisspeptin-10 (metastin 45–54)	UniProt Q15726 res. 112–121	Recorded-as-commercial-vocabulary
buy kisspeptin-10	Commercial; isoform-specific	Kisspeptin-10	UniProt Q15726 res. 112–121	Recorded-as-commercial-vocabulary
kisspeptin peptides	Informational; plural family	Kisspeptin family	UniProt Q15726	Recorded-as-nomenclature
peptide kisspeptin	Informational; inverted class noun	Kisspeptin family	UniProt Q15726	Recorded-as-nomenclature
what is ara-290 peptide	Definitional question	ARA-290 / cibinetide (pHBSP)	Mimics EPO P01588 helix B	Recorded-as-definitional; answered in FAQ
what is ara 290 peptide	Definitional; hyphen dropped	ARA-290	Mimics EPO P01588 helix B	Recorded-as-orthographic-variant
ara 290 peptide for sale	Commercial	ARA-290	Mimics EPO P01588 helix B	Recorded-as-commercial-vocabulary
ara peptides	Truncated family token	Ambiguous: ARA-290 most likely; also matches unrelated 'ARA' acronyms	—	Recorded-as-ambiguous-token; disambiguation required
peptides mgf	Informational; inverted plural	MGF E-peptide (IGF-1 Ec E-domain)	UniProt P05019 (Ec isoform)	Recorded-as-nomenclature
buy mgf	Commercial; nickname only	MGF E-peptide (native or PEGylated unspecified)	UniProt P05019 (Ec isoform)	Recorded-as-commercial-vocabulary; conjugation state unspecified
peg-mgf for sale	Commercial; conjugate-specific	PEG-MGF	UniProt P05019 (Ec isoform) + PEG	Recorded-as-commercial-vocabulary
peg mgf 2 mg	Catalogue fill-mass format	PEG-MGF, nominal 2 mg lyophilised fill	UniProt P05019 (Ec isoform) + PEG	Recorded-as-catalogue-format; fill mass is not a dose

Evidence by Compound

The evidence base for the four compounds is uneven: LL-37 and kisspeptin have deep, multi-laboratory literatures, ARA-290 has a coherent but largely single-group preclinical lineage, and MGF rests on a small body of work whose receptor remains unidentified.

Research domain	Research model	Signal vector	Primary literature
LL-37 · precursor processing	Human neutrophils; exocytosis assays	Proteinase-3-dependent hCAP18 → LL-37 cleavage	[2]
LL-37 · membrane activity	Lipid bilayers; NMR; bacterial killing assays	Helical fold; salt-sensitive membrane permeabilisation	[1, 3]
LL-37 · biofilm	P. aeruginosa in vitro biofilm	Reduced attachment, twitching, QS gene expression at sub-MIC	[4]
Kisspeptin · receptor pharmacology	GPR54-transfected CHO cells	Gq calcium mobilisation; KP-10 minimal full agonist	[7]
Kisspeptin · metastasis model	GPR54+ melanoma cells in mice	Reduced pulmonary metastasis	[8]
Kisspeptin · reproductive axis	Human genetics; Gpr54-null mice; hypothalamic explants	Loss-of-function → hypogonadotropic phenotype; direct GnRH release	[9, 10]
Kisspeptin · axis responsiveness	Physiological study, healthy men (KP-54)	LH/FSH/testosterone rise; cited as axis evidence only	[11]
ARA-290 · heteroreceptor	Neuronal and cardiac injury models; βcR-null mice	Tissue protection requires EPOR–βcR	[12, 13]
ARA-290 · helix-B peptide	Rat/mouse ischaemia and inflammation models	Tissue protection without erythropoiesis; minutes-scale half-life	[14]
ARA-290 · neuropathic model	Rat SNI; βcR knockout mice	Persistent allodynia relief; βcR-dependent	[15]
MGF · splice variant	Stretched rabbit muscle; rodent damage models	Exon-5 insert; Ec expression with satellite-cell activation	[16, 18]
MGF · E-peptide activity	C2C12 myoblasts; gerbil ischaemia	Proliferation without differentiation; neuroprotection	[17, 19]
MGF · receptor status	Literature review	No identified receptor; reproducibility concerns	[20]

Handling and Stability Notes

All four compounds are lyophilised, cationic-to-neutral peptides whose principal degradation routes are oxidation, deamidation, adsorption and aggregation as reviewed by Manning et al. [22]. LL-37 is highly cationic and adsorbs to glass and anionic plastics, a behaviour relevant to the container discussion in the syringes and needles consumables review; kisspeptin-10 carries an oxidation-prone Trp and the C-terminal amide that is essential for GPR54 activity [7]; ARA-290 is a short, hydrophilic linear peptide with a minutes-scale plasma half-life in vivo [14]; PEG-MGF's conjugate adds hydrodynamic bulk that alters solubility and gel-filtration behaviour [21]. Reconstitution-medium chemistry is covered in the bacteriostatic water and reconstitution media review and is not repeated here.

Limitations of the Underlying Literature

Precursor identity is well established for all four peptides, but the downstream evidence differs sharply in maturity. LL-37's reported activities are numerous yet frequently condition-dependent, and Vandamme et al. caution against generalising across assays [3]. Kisspeptin's reproductive-axis role is robust across genetics, knockout models and physiology [9–11], but kisspeptin-10 specifically is studied far less than KP-54. ARA-290's mechanistic lineage derives predominantly from a single research group and its licensee, and the tissue-protective heteroreceptor remains without a solved structure [12–15]. MGF is the weakest: Matheny et al. document the absence of an identified receptor and failed replications of E-peptide-specific effects, and no peer-reviewed study characterises the PEGylated catalogue form [20]. None of these observations translate into any recommendation about use in humans or animals.

Related Peptide Insider Reviews

The compounds above intersect several clusters already reviewed on this site. The links are grouped by axis so that readers can move from a precursor-derived fragment to its mechanistic neighbours.

Repair and tissue-protection peptides

Immune and mitochondrial peptides

Somatotropic-axis peptides (for MGF context)

Neuroactive peptides (for ARA-290 and KP context)

Sourcing, quality and handling

Where to Source for Research

Researchers comparing catalogue listings for LL-37, kisspeptin-10, ARA-290 or PEG-MGF can review the research-reagent offerings and certificates of analysis from several suppliers: Short Chain Aminos, BioPep, Catalyst Research and Apex Research Services. Listings should be evaluated against the identifiers in this review (sequence, C-terminal amidation for kisspeptin-10, PEG conjugation state for MGF) and against the RP-HPLC and mass-spectrometric identity criteria described in the site's quality-verification review. No supplier is assessed or endorsed here, and all materials are for laboratory research reference only; not for human or veterinary use.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is ara-290 peptide?

ARA-290 (cibinetide, pHBSP) is an eleven-residue linear peptide whose sequence reproduces the aqueous face of erythropoietin helix B. It engages the EPOR–β-common-receptor heteroreceptor that mediates erythropoietin's tissue-protective actions while lacking erythropoietic activity, as shown in rodent models by Brines et al. [12, 14].

What do the queries ll-37 peptide for sale and buy ll-37 refer to?

Both are commercial-intent forms of LL-37, the 37-residue C-terminal fragment of human cathelicidin hCAP18 (UniProt P49913) released by proteinase 3 cleavage [1, 2]. This review records the strings as catalogue vocabulary only and does not evaluate vendors.

Is kisspeptin-10 the same as kisspeptin?

Kisspeptin-10 is the C-terminal decapeptide shared by all kisspeptin isoforms (KP-54, -14, -13, -10) and is the minimal full agonist at GPR54/KISS1R [7]. Queries such as buy kisspeptin or kisspeptin peptides refer to the family without specifying isoform.

What are peptides mgf and peg-mgf?

MGF is the E-domain peptide of the IGF-1 Ec splice variant expressed in loaded or damaged muscle [16]; PEG-MGF is the synthetic 24-residue E-peptide conjugated to polyethylene glycol [21]. Its receptor has not been identified and replication concerns are documented [20].

Does peg mgf 2 mg describe a dose?

No. It is a catalogue fill-mass label describing the nominal lyophilised content of a research vial, in the same format as other catalogue strings reviewed on this site. Fill mass is a packaging descriptor and carries no dosing meaning; this article provides no dosing guidance.

What does ara peptides mean?

The string is a truncated family token. In research-peptide contexts it most often refers to ARA-290, but 'ARA' is also an acronym in unrelated fields, so the token is recorded as ambiguous and requires disambiguation to a specific compound.

Are these compounds approved for any use?

None of the four is referenced here for any use. The article is a literature review of published research and public database identifiers, and all compounds are strictly for research reference; not for human or veterinary use.

Works Cited

Dürr UH, Sudheendra US, Ramamoorthy A. LL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1758(9):1408-1425. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.03.030. PMID 16716248.
Sørensen OE, Follin P, Johnsen AH, et al. Human cathelicidin, hCAP-18, is processed to the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by extracellular cleavage with proteinase 3. Blood. 2001;97(12):3951-3959. doi:10.1182/blood.v97.12.3951. PMID 11389039.
Vandamme D, Landuyt B, Luyten W, Schoofs L. A comprehensive summary of LL-37, the factotum human cathelicidin peptide. Cell Immunol. 2012;280(1):22-35. doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.11.009. PMID 23246832.
Overhage J, Campisano A, Bains M, et al. Human host defense peptide LL-37 prevents bacterial biofilm formation. Infect Immun. 2008;76(9):4176-4182. doi:10.1128/IAI.00318-08. PMID 18591225.
Kai-Larsen Y, Agerberth B. The role of the multifunctional peptide LL-37 in host defense. Front Biosci. 2008;13:3760-3767. doi:10.2741/2964. PMID 18508470.
Lee JH, Miele ME, Hicks DJ, et al. KiSS-1, a novel human malignant melanoma metastasis-suppressor gene. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88(23):1731-1737. doi:10.1093/jnci/88.23.1731. PMID 8944003.
Kotani M, Detheux M, Vandenbogaerde A, et al. The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(37):34631-34636. doi:10.1074/jbc.M104847200. PMID 11457843.
Ohtaki T, Shintani Y, Honda S, et al. Metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes peptide ligand of a G-protein-coupled receptor. Nature. 2001;411(6837):613-617. doi:10.1038/35079135. PMID 11385580.
Seminara SB, Messager S, Chatzidaki EE, et al. The GPR54 gene as a regulator of puberty. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(17):1614-1627. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa035322. PMID 14573733.
Messager S, Chatzidaki EE, Ma D, et al. Kisspeptin directly stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone release via G protein-coupled receptor 54. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(5):1761-1766. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409330102. PMID 15665093.
Dhillo WS, Chaudhri OB, Patterson M, et al. Kisspeptin-54 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis in human males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(12):6609-6615. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1468. PMID 16174713.
Brines M, Grasso G, Fiordaliso F, et al. Erythropoietin mediates tissue protection through an erythropoietin and common beta-subunit heteroreceptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(41):14907-14912. doi:10.1073/pnas.0406491101. PMID 15456912.
Leist M, Ghezzi P, Grasso G, et al. Derivatives of erythropoietin that are tissue protective but not erythropoietic. Science. 2004;305(5681):239-242. doi:10.1126/science.1098313. PMID 15247477.
Brines M, Patel NS, Villa P, et al. Nonerythropoietic, tissue-protective peptides derived from the tertiary structure of erythropoietin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(31):10925-10930. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805594105. PMID 18676614.
Swartjes M, Morariu A, Niesters M, et al. ARA290, a peptide derived from the tertiary structure of erythropoietin, produces long-term relief of neuropathic pain: an experimental study in rats and β-common receptor knockout mice. Anesthesiology. 2011;115(5):1084-1092. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31822fcefd. PMID 21873879.
Yang S, Alnaqeeb M, Simpson H, Goldspink G. Cloning and characterization of an IGF-1 isoform expressed in skeletal muscle subjected to stretch. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 1996;17(4):487-495. doi:10.1007/BF00123364. PMID 8884603.
Yang SY, Goldspink G. Different roles of the IGF-I Ec peptide (MGF) and mature IGF-I in myoblast proliferation and differentiation. FEBS Lett. 2002;522(1-3):156-160. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02918-6. PMID 12095637.
Hill M, Goldspink G. Expression and splicing of the insulin-like growth factor gene in rodent muscle is associated with muscle satellite (stem) cell activation following local tissue damage. J Physiol. 2003;549(Pt 2):409-418. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.035832. PMID 12692175.
Dluzniewska J, Sarnowska A, Beresewicz M, et al. A strong neuroprotective effect of the autonomous C-terminal peptide of IGF-1 Ec (MGF) in brain ischemia. FASEB J. 2005;19(13):1896-1898. doi:10.1096/fj.05-3786fje. PMID 16144956.
Matheny RW Jr, Nindl BC, Adamo ML. Minireview: Mechano-growth factor: a putative product of IGF-I gene expression involved in tissue repair and regeneration. Endocrinology. 2010;151(3):865-875. doi:10.1210/en.2009-1217. PMID 20130113.
Harris JM, Chess RB. Effect of pegylation on pharmaceuticals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003;2(3):214-221. doi:10.1038/nrd1033. PMID 12612647.
Manning MC, Chou DK, Murphy BM, Payne RW, Katayama DS. Stability of protein pharmaceuticals: an update. Pharm Res. 2010;27(4):544-575. doi:10.1007/s11095-009-0045-6. PMID 20143256.

Research Use Only Disclaimer. This article is an academic literature review of published research and public database identifiers. All compounds named are referenced strictly for research reference; not for human or veterinary use. Nothing here constitutes dosing guidance, medical advice, or a health, performance or weight-related claim of any kind. Catalogue search strings are reproduced verbatim as vocabulary and imply no endorsement of any vendor, product or application.